Millions of people have been speaking Bengali dialects for thousands of years. The history of Bengali is as unique as the people that speak it. There are three major periods of Bengali history: old, middle and new.
The “old” Bengali history, from 900-1400 AD, includes texts and devotion songs. The Kamrupi language heavily influenced this period. During this period we see the emergence of pronouns and a change in verb inflections.
For the next 400 years between 1400 and 1800 AD, during the middle period, the Persians heavily influenced the language and there was a spread of compound verbs.
Finally, in the new period, from 1800 to the present day we have seen a shortening of verbs and pronouns. This new period has also been marked by an attempt to standardize the language. Also during this period was the Bengali Renaissance in an effort to move toward western thinking. Leaders were against Hindu beliefs and opened up to Christian missionaries and their practices. The ideas were born in the Bengal region, but consequently spread across India.
There are two written forms of Bengali—Shadhubhasha and Choltibhasha. Today, Choltibhasha is more common and most people are fluent in this style. Shadhubhasha is no longer used and is considered the older style of writing, with longer verb inflections. It evolved from Brahmic script and uses no distinct upper or lower case forms. It uses more Pali and Sanskrit vocabulary than Choltibhasha. The national anthem and song of India were composed in the older written form. Until the 18th century, Bengali grammar rules went undocumented. A Portuguese missionary wrote the first Bengali dictionary, which was written in Portuguese.
The Bengali alphabet includes 28 consonants and 13 vowels, including 6 nasalized vowels. The stress on words is typically initial and the secondary stress falls on odd numbered syllables thereafter. The language does not allow for consonant clusters and words borrowed from other languages are typically changed to fit this rule. The language follows a subject-object-verb word order.
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